{ "_meta": { "name": "Open Peptide Dataset", "description": "An openly-licensed, machine-readable dataset of research peptides with two-pass-verified Key Facts (molecular weight, formula, sequence length, target, mechanism class, half-life, route, regulatory status, CAS) and external identifiers. Each fact carries its primary source.", "publisher": "Peptides Institute", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "licenseName": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/data", "recordCount": 59, "fields": [ "slug", "name", "fullName", "category", "categorySlug", "url", "dateModified", "molecularWeight", "molecularFormula", "sequenceLength", "primaryTarget", "mechanismClass", "halfLife", "route", "regulatoryStatus", "casNumber", "identifiers" ] }, "records": [ { "slug": "retatrutide", "name": "Retatrutide", "fullName": "Retatrutide (LY3437943)", "category": "Weight Loss", "categorySlug": "weight-loss", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/retatrutide", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "4731 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/171390338/property/MolecularWeight,ExactMass,MonoisotopicMass/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C221H342N46O68", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/171390338/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "39", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=13769" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), GIP receptor (GIPR), and glucagon receptor (GCGR)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=13769" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist", "source": "https://www.lilly.com/news/stories/what-to-know-about-retatrutide" }, "halfLife": { "value": "approximately 6 days (~144 hours)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901658/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection, once weekly", "source": "https://www.lilly.com/news/stories/what-to-know-about-retatrutide" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Investigational; not FDA-approved. In Phase 3 clinical development (Eli Lilly TRIUMPH program) as of 2026.", "source": "https://www.lilly.com/news/stories/what-to-know-about-retatrutide" }, "casNumber": { "value": "2381089-83-2", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=13769" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "2381089-83-2", "pubchemCid": "171390338", "drugbank": "DB18993", "wikidata": "Q120468350", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retatrutide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=retatrutide" } }, { "slug": "bpc-157", "name": "BPC-157", "fullName": "BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound 157)", "category": "Healing", "categorySlug": "healing", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/bpc-157", "dateModified": "2026-04-09", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1419.5 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/9941957/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C62H98N16O22", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/9941957/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "15 amino acids (sequence GEPPPGKPADDAGLV)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/9941957/JSON?heading=Depositor-Supplied+Synonyms" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Nitric oxide (NO) system, including eNOS-derived NO and VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11859134/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Cytoprotective/organoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide; pro-angiogenic and regenerative agent acting via the NO system, VEGFR2, and FAK-paxillin / growth-factor pathways", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11859134/" }, "halfLife": { "value": "Short: ~15.2 min (IV, rats); <30 min (IM, rats); 5.27 +/- 2.25 min (IV, beagle dogs). Human half-life not established.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9794587/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection; oral and intravenous routes also studied (oral under investigation)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9794587/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not approved by FDA or EMA for human use; investigational/research-use-only. Placed on FDA 503A Category 2 bulk-substances list in 2023 (significant safety concerns); no approved indication.", "source": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks" }, "casNumber": { "value": "137525-51-0", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/9941957/JSON?heading=CAS" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "137525-51-0", "pubchemCid": "9941957", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q27270252", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPC-157", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=BPC-157" } }, { "slug": "semaglutide", "name": "Semaglutide", "fullName": "Semaglutide (GLP-1 Receptor Agonist)", "category": "Weight Loss", "categorySlug": "weight-loss", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/semaglutide", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "4114 g/mol (average; FDA label states 4113.58 g/mol)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/56843331/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C187H291N45O59", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/56843331/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "31", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8736331/" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "GLP-1 receptor", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8736331/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "GLP-1 receptor agonist", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=adec4fd2-6858-4c99-91d4-531f5f2a2d79" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~1 week (approximately 165 hours / 7 days)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8736331/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection, once weekly (also available orally as Rybelsus)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8736331/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA approved: Ozempic for type 2 diabetes (Dec 2017); Wegovy for chronic weight management (June 2021)", "source": "https://www.drugs.com/history/wegovy.html" }, "casNumber": { "value": "910463-68-2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/56843331/JSON?heading=CAS" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "910463-68-2", "pubchemCid": "56843331", "drugbank": "DB13928", "wikidata": "Q27261089", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaglutide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=semaglutide" } }, { "slug": "tirzepatide", "name": "Tirzepatide", "fullName": "Tirzepatide (Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist)", "category": "Weight Loss", "categorySlug": "weight-loss", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/tirzepatide", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "4813.5 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/156588324/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C225H348N48O68", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/156588324/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "39 amino acids", "source": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor (higher affinity for GIP receptor)", "source": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist", "source": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/" }, "halfLife": { "value": "approximately 5 days", "source": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection, once weekly", "source": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved: Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes (May 2022) and Zepbound for chronic weight management in obesity (Nov 2023); EMA-approved (Mounjaro, Sept 2022)", "source": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/" }, "casNumber": { "value": "2023788-19-2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/156588324/JSON?heading=CAS" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "2023788-19-2", "pubchemCid": "156588324", "drugbank": "DB15171", "wikidata": "Q108324770", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirzepatide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=tirzepatide" } }, { "slug": "aod-9604", "name": "AOD-9604", "fullName": "AOD-9604 (hGH Fragment 176-191)", "category": "Weight Loss", "categorySlug": "weight-loss", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/aod-9604", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1815.1 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71300630" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C78H123N23O23S2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71300630" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "16 amino acids (hexadecapeptide; sequence YLRIVQCRSVEGSCGF = Tyr + hGH residues 177-191, with an intramolecular disulfide bond between the two cysteines)", "source": "https://www.jofem.org/index.php/jofem/article/view/157/194" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "No confirmed high-affinity receptor target; AOD9604 is not a high-affinity antagonist of hGH binding to the GH receptor. Proposed mechanism involves inhibition of lipoprotein lipase and upregulation of beta-3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) expression, but the primary molecular target remains undefined in the literature.", "source": "https://jofem.org/index.php/jofem/article/view/213/278" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Lipolytic growth hormone C-terminal fragment (hGH 177-191 analog); stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis without somatotropic, diabetogenic, or IGF-1-raising activity", "source": "https://jofem.org/index.php/jofem/article/view/213/278" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection in current practice/research use; original Metabolic Pharmaceuticals human clinical trials used intravenous infusion (METAOD001-002) and oral capsules/tablets (METAOD003-006)", "source": "https://www.jofem.org/index.php/jofem/article/view/157/194" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved for human therapeutic use for any indication; no NDA filed and no Phase III completed. Received conditional GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) determination for use as a food/dietary supplement ingredient. Clinical development for obesity was discontinued after Phase IIb (modest weight loss). Available only as a research/compounding substance.", "source": "https://jofem.org/index.php/jofem/article/view/213/278" }, "casNumber": { "value": "221231-10-3", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71300630" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "221231-10-3", "pubchemCid": "71300630", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": null, "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=AOD-9604" } }, { "slug": "ipamorelin", "name": "Ipamorelin", "fullName": "Ipamorelin (Selective GHRP-5)", "category": "Growth/Strength", "categorySlug": "growth-strength", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/ipamorelin", "dateModified": "2026-04-11", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "711.9 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9831659" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C38H49N9O5", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9831659" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "5 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9831659" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a / ghrelin receptor)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Growth hormone secretagogue (selective GH-releasing peptide / ghrelin receptor agonist)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~2 hours (terminal, intravenous infusion in healthy volunteers)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (research use); intravenous infusion in the human PK study", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved; investigational / research-use-only (never reached Phase III; nominated but not approved for 503A compounding)", "source": "https://www.fda.gov/media/182088/download" }, "casNumber": { "value": "170851-70-4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9831659" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "170851-70-4", "pubchemCid": "9831659", "drugbank": "DB12370", "wikidata": "Q20707829", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipamorelin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=ipamorelin" } }, { "slug": "tesamorelin", "name": "Tesamorelin", "fullName": "Tesamorelin (GHRH Analog)", "category": "Growth/Strength", "categorySlug": "growth-strength", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/tesamorelin", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "5135.9 (free base); PubChem computes 5136", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/022505Orig1s010lbl.pdf" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C221H366N72O67S (free base; acetate salt is C221H366N72O67S x C2H4O2, x ~ 7)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16137828" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "44", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/022505Orig1s010lbl.pdf" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF/GHRH) receptor on pituitary somatotroph cells", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/022505Orig1s010lbl.pdf" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH/GRF) analog; growth hormone secretagogue", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/022505Orig1s010lbl.pdf" }, "halfLife": { "value": "26 min (healthy subjects) and 38 min (HIV-infected patients) after subcutaneous dosing for 14 consecutive days; mean 8 min after a single 1.4 mg subcutaneous dose", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/022505Orig1s010lbl.pdf" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection, once daily", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/022505Orig1s010lbl.pdf" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (Egrifta, NDA 022505, approved November 10, 2010) for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy; also marketed as Egrifta SV", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2010/022505s000ltr.pdf" }, "casNumber": { "value": "218949-48-5", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16137828" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "218949-48-5", "pubchemCid": "16137828", "drugbank": "DB08869", "wikidata": "Q7705415", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesamorelin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=tesamorelin" } }, { "slug": "tb-500", "name": "TB-500", "fullName": "TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 Synthetic)", "category": "Healing", "categorySlug": "healing", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/tb-500", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "4963 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16132341" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C212H350N56O78S", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16132341" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "43 amino acids", "source": "https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P62328.txt" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "G-actin (monomeric actin) -- sequesters actin monomers, inhibiting polymerization", "source": "https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P62328.txt" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Actin-sequestering peptide (beta-thymosin family)", "source": "https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P62328.txt" }, "halfLife": { "value": "0.95 to 2.1 hours (dose-dependent, single IV dose 42-1260 mg)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection (IV used in human clinical trials)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16132341" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA approved for any human indication; not added to FDA 503A compounding bulks list (April 2026); WADA-prohibited (S0 non-approved substances, banned in and out of competition); sold research-use-only", "source": "https://www.bscg.org/blogs/single/tb-500-status-risks-and-bans-in-sport-and-military" }, "casNumber": { "value": "77591-33-4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16132341" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "77591-33-4", "pubchemCid": "16132341", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymosin_beta-4", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=TB-500" } }, { "slug": "cjc-1295", "name": "CJC-1295", "fullName": "CJC-1295 (Synthetic GHRH Analog)", "category": "Growth/Strength", "categorySlug": "growth-strength", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/cjc-1295", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "3367.9 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/91976842" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C152H252N44O42", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/91976842" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "29 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/91976842" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH receptor / GRF receptor) on the anterior pituitary", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15817669/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "GHRH analog / growth hormone secretagogue (GHRH receptor agonist)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15817669/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA/EMA approved for human use; investigational only, clinical development abandoned during Phase II (trial subject death); research-use-only / not approved", "source": "https://www.aidsmap.com/news/jul-2006/lipodystrophy-study-halted-after-patient-death" }, "casNumber": null }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": null, "pubchemCid": "91976842", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q5012018", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJC-1295", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=CJC-1295" } }, { "slug": "mots-c", "name": "MOTS-C", "fullName": "MOTS-C (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-C)", "category": "Longevity", "categorySlug": "longevity", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/mots-c", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "2174.6 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/146675088/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C101H152N28O22S2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/146675088" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "16 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/146675088/synonyms/JSON" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), activated via inhibition of the folate cycle and AICAR accumulation", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9905433/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Mitochondrial-derived peptide / AMPK activator (indirect, via folate-AICAR pathway)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9905433/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": null, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA approved; research-use-only / investigational. No active IND or approved indication.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9905433/" }, "casNumber": { "value": "1627580-64-6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/146675088/synonyms/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "1627580-64-6", "pubchemCid": "146675088", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOTS-c", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=MOTS-c" } }, { "slug": "ara-290", "name": "ARA-290", "fullName": "ARA-290 (Cibinetide)", "category": "Healing", "categorySlug": "healing", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/ara-290", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1257.3 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/91810664" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C51H84N16O21", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/91810664" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "11 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/91810664/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName,Title/JSON" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Innate repair receptor (IRR), the EPOR/CD131 (beta-common receptor) heterocomplex", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3563705/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Non-erythropoietic, tissue-protective erythropoietin-derived peptide; innate repair receptor (IRR) agonist", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5638901" }, "halfLife": { "value": "Short serum half-life of a few minutes", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3563705/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (once daily in clinical trials); intravenous used in early pharmacokinetic studies", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3563705/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Investigational; not FDA approved for any indication. Holds FDA Orphan Drug and Fast Track designation for neuropathic pain in sarcoidosis. Completed Phase 2 clinical development.", "source": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/araim-pharmaceuticals-cibinetide-ara-290-regenerates-small-nerve-fibers-and-improves-neuropathic-clinical-symptoms-in-the-orphan-disease-of-sarcoidosis-300452818.html" }, "casNumber": { "value": "1208243-50-8", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/91810664" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "1208243-50-8", "pubchemCid": "91810664", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibinetide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=ARA-290" } }, { "slug": "ghk-cu", "name": "GHK-Cu", "fullName": "GHK-Cu (Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Copper Complex)", "category": "Skin", "categorySlug": "skin", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/ghk-cu", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "403.92 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/378611/property/MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C14H24CuN6O4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/378611" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "3", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/378611" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Cellular copper uptake / transport and broad human gene-expression regulation (no single named receptor); stimulates collagen, GAG, and growth-factor (VEGF, BDNF, BMP-2) synthesis and activates the proteasome system", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29986520/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Copper-binding tripeptide / matricellular regenerative and protective agent (oligopeptide copper complex); not a receptor agonist", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29986520/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Topical application (cosmetic); subcutaneous injection (research/investigational)", "source": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07437586" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved as a drug. Registered with FDA as substance 'Prezatide copper' (UNII 6BJQ43T1I9); investigated as a wound-healing drug (Iamin) but never received FDA marketing approval. Topical 'Copper Tripeptide-1' is used as a non-drug cosmetic ingredient (no premarket FDA approval required).", "source": "https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/6BJQ43T1I9" }, "casNumber": { "value": "89030-95-5", "source": "https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/6BJQ43T1I9" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "89030-95-5", "pubchemCid": "378611", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q5168796", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_peptide_GHK-Cu", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=GHK-Cu" } }, { "slug": "kpv", "name": "KPV", "fullName": "KPV (Lys-Pro-Val)", "category": "Inflammation", "categorySlug": "inflammation", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/kpv", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "342.43 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/125672" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C16H30N4O4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/125672" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "3 amino acids (Lys-Pro-Val)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/125672" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Intestinal peptide transporter PepT1 (SLC15A1); intracellular NF-kappaB and MAPK inflammatory signaling. (Melanocortin receptors MC1R/MC3R implicated in some non-gut contexts but ruled out as mediator in intestinal/immune cells.)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2431115/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Anti-inflammatory alpha-MSH(11-13) C-terminal tripeptide; acts via PepT1-mediated cellular uptake to suppress NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2431115/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Oral (gut inflammation), subcutaneous injection (systemic), or topical", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2431115/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved for any indication; research-use-only. Under FDA evaluation for the Section 503A compounding bulk drug substances list (Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting July 23-24, 2026, evaluating KPV acetate / KPV free base).", "source": "https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026" }, "casNumber": { "value": "67727-97-3", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/125672" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "67727-97-3", "pubchemCid": "125672", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPV_tripeptide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=KPV+peptide" } }, { "slug": "ll-37", "name": "LL-37", "fullName": "LL-37 (Human Cathelicidin hCAP18 Fragment)", "category": "Immune", "categorySlug": "immune", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/ll-37", "dateModified": "2026-04-11", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "4493 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16198951" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C205H340N60O53", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16198951" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "37 amino acids", "source": "https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P49913.txt" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Anionic bacterial cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer disruption); host-cell receptors FPR2/FPRL1 and P2X7 for immunomodulatory signaling", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4505952/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Cationic host-defense (antimicrobial) peptide; membrane-disrupting cathelicidin with immunomodulatory activity", "source": "https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P49913.txt" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (research) or topical application (wound-healing trials); no approved human route", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11762488/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved for any indication; investigational / research-use-only. Early-phase human trials only (e.g., a Phase II topical wound-healing RCT). No EMA/FDA approval as of 2026.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11762488/" }, "casNumber": { "value": "154947-66-7", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16198951" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "154947-66-7", "pubchemCid": "16198951", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q135995608", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathelicidin_antimicrobial_peptide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=LL-37" } }, { "slug": "vip", "name": "VIP", "fullName": "Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)", "category": "Healing", "categorySlug": "healing", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/vip", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "3326.8 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/53314964/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C147H237N43O43S", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/53314964/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "28", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/53314964/synonyms/JSON" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors (Gs-coupled GPCRs)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=371" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "VPAC receptor agonist (VIP/PACAP-family neuropeptide; adenylate cyclase / cAMP-PKA activator)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=371" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~1 minute (average IV plasma disappearance half-time in man)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/730072/" }, "route": { "value": "Intranasal spray (primary in CIRS protocol); IV infusion, subcutaneous, or intracavernosal in clinical/research settings", "source": "https://www.emjreviews.com/microbiology-infectious-diseases/article/aviptadil-class-effect-of-a-synthetic-vasoactive-intestinal-peptide-as-a-treatment-option-in-patients-with-covid-19-with-severe-respiratory-failure/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA approved. Synthetic VIP (aviptadil/ZYESAMI/RLF-100) received FDA Fast Track designation (2020) for COVID-19 ARDS; FDA declined EUA twice (2021, 2022). Investigational (IND) only in US/EU.", "source": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/06/24/2052448/0/en/NeuroRx-and-Relief-Therapeutics-Announce-Fast-Track-Designation-Granted-by-the-FDA-to-RLF-100-Aviptadil-for-the-Treatment-of-Respiratory-Distress-in-COVID-19.html" }, "casNumber": { "value": "40077-57-4 (PubChem CID 53314964; alternate 37221-79-7 also listed in PubChem synonyms)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/53314964/synonyms/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "40077-57-4 (PubChem CID 53314964; alternate 37221-79-7 also listed in PubChem synonyms)", "pubchemCid": "53314964", "drugbank": "DB18634", "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=vasoactive+intestinal+peptide" } }, { "slug": "glutathione", "name": "Glutathione", "fullName": "Glutathione (GSH)", "category": "Antioxidant", "categorySlug": "antioxidant", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/glutathione", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "307.33 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/124886/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C10H17N3O6S", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "3", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Glutathione peroxidases (GPx), glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferases; direct scavenger of reactive oxygen species via the cysteine thiol group", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Endogenous thiol antioxidant and redox cofactor (tripeptide antioxidant)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886" }, "halfLife": { "value": "14.1 +/- 9.2 minutes (human plasma, IV 2 g/m2)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1907548/" }, "route": { "value": "Intravenous infusion or subcutaneous injection (oral has very poor bioavailability)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved for any indication; injectable/compounded glutathione is not FDA-reviewed for safety or efficacy (FDA flagged endotoxin safety concerns in compounded sterile injectable glutathione, Feb 1, 2019)", "source": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/fda-highlights-concerns-using-dietary-ingredient-glutathione-compound-sterile-injectables" }, "casNumber": { "value": "70-18-8", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "70-18-8", "pubchemCid": "124886", "drugbank": "DB00143", "wikidata": "Q116907", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=glutathione" } }, { "slug": "igf-1-lr3", "name": "IGF-1 LR3", "fullName": "IGF-1 LR3 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Long Arg3)", "category": "Growth/Strength", "categorySlug": "growth-strength", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/igf-1-lr3", "dateModified": "2026-04-11", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "~9,111 Da (9.1 kDa)", "source": "https://www.prospecbio.com/long_r3_igf1_human" }, "molecularFormula": null, "sequenceLength": { "value": "83", "source": "https://www.prospecbio.com/long_r3_igf1_human" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), a receptor tyrosine kinase", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=1801" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "IGF-1 receptor agonist (synthetic long-acting IGF-1 analog with low IGFBP affinity)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17172665/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (most common); intramuscular injection (some protocols)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=a8b27a1b-a611-4f91-ad22-76d4b390c3ae" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved for human use (research-use-only); prohibited at all times under the WADA Prohibited List (peptide hormones/growth factors class). Distinct from FDA-approved mecasermin/Increlex, a different IGF-1 product.", "source": "https://www.usada.org/spirit-of-sport/igf-1-and-the-world-anti-doping-agency-prohibited-list/" }, "casNumber": null }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": null, "pubchemCid": null, "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q20707573", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGF-1_LR3", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=IGF-1+LR3" } }, { "slug": "sermorelin", "name": "Sermorelin", "fullName": "Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29)", "category": "Growth", "categorySlug": "growth", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/sermorelin", "dateModified": "2026-04-11", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "3357.9 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16132413/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C149H246N44O42S", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16132413/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "29", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=6998" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=6998" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor agonist / growth hormone secretagogue", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7108996/" }, "halfLife": { "value": "11-12 minutes (after IV or SC administration)", "source": "https://www.rxlist.com/sermorelin-acetate-drug.htm" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (also administered intravenously in diagnostic use)", "source": "https://www.rxlist.com/sermorelin-acetate-drug.htm" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved 1997 (Geref/sermorelin acetate) for pediatric growth hormone deficiency and as a diagnostic of pituitary GH reserve; commercially discontinued 2008 (not for safety/efficacy reasons); no current DailyMed label; now available only as a compounded/503B product, not FDA-approved as a finished drug", "source": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/03/04/2013-04827/determination-that-geref-sermorelin-acetate-injection-05-milligrams-basevial-and-10-milligrams" }, "casNumber": { "value": "86168-78-7", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16132413" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "86168-78-7", "pubchemCid": "16132413", "drugbank": "DB00010", "wikidata": "Q7455005", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermorelin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=sermorelin" } }, { "slug": "ghrp-2", "name": "GHRP-2", "fullName": "GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)", "category": "Growth", "categorySlug": "growth", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/ghrp-2", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "818.0", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918245" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C45H55N9O6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918245" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "6 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918245" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a / ghrelin receptor)", "source": "https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/pralmorelin" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Growth hormone secretagogue (ghrelin/GHS-R1a receptor agonist)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1092" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Intravenous (clinical/diagnostic use in Japan); subcutaneous injection in research/off-label use per our data", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20552695/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved for human therapeutic use. Approved in Japan (PMDA, 2004) as a single-dose diagnostic agent (GHRP Kaken 100) for assessing growth hormone deficiency; research-use-only elsewhere", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1092" }, "casNumber": { "value": "158861-67-7", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918245" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "158861-67-7", "pubchemCid": "6918245", "drugbank": "DB18252", "wikidata": "Q21098924", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pralmorelin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=GHRP-2" } }, { "slug": "ghrp-6", "name": "GHRP-6", "fullName": "GHRP-6 (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6)", "category": "Growth", "categorySlug": "growth", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/ghrp-6", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "873.0 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/4345065/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C46H56N12O6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/4345065/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4345065" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a / ghrelin receptor)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23099431/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Growth hormone secretagogue (ghrelin receptor agonist)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=1093" }, "halfLife": { "value": "Distribution t1/2 7.6 +/- 1.9 min; elimination t1/2 2.5 +/- 1.1 h (single IV bolus, healthy male volunteers)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23099431/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (research/clinical use); pharmacokinetic study administered as intravenous bolus", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23099431/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved for any indication; research-use-only, not for human therapeutic use; prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)", "source": "https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf" }, "casNumber": { "value": "87616-84-0", "source": "https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB8421540.htm" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "87616-84-0", "pubchemCid": "4345065", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q27077800", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHRP-6", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=GHRP-6" } }, { "slug": "hexarelin", "name": "Hexarelin", "fullName": "Hexarelin (Examorelin)", "category": "Growth", "categorySlug": "growth", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/hexarelin", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "887.0 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918297" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C47H58N12O6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918297" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "6 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918297" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a / ghrelin receptor)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8126144/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Growth hormone secretagogue (GHS-R1a / ghrelin receptor agonist)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=1100" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~55 min (human, elimination); 120 min terminal (dog IV), ~76 min (rat IV)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8545255/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (IV, intranasal, and oral also studied; SC bioavailability ~77%)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8126144/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not approved (research-use-only). Reached Phase II trials for GH deficiency and congestive heart failure; development discontinued, never marketed.", "source": "https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/09QF37C617" }, "casNumber": { "value": "140703-51-1", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918297" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "140703-51-1", "pubchemCid": "6918297", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q21098927", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examorelin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=hexarelin" } }, { "slug": "mk-677", "name": "MK-677", "fullName": "MK-677 (Ibutamoren)", "category": "Growth", "categorySlug": "growth", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/mk-677", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "528.7 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/178024" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C27H36N4O5S", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/178024" }, "sequenceLength": null, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a, GHSR-1a)", "source": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8568970/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Growth hormone secretagogue; selective non-peptide ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a) agonist", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/services/ligands/5867/interactions" }, "halfLife": { "value": "4-6 hours (plasma elimination half-life, measured in beagles); IGF-1 elevation sustained ~24 hours after a single oral dose (pharmacodynamic effect, not molecular elimination)", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibutamoren" }, "route": { "value": "Oral (by mouth)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8954023/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Investigational New Drug (IND); not approved by FDA for any indication or for human consumption in the United States", "source": "https://www.opss.org/article/performance-enhancing-substance-mk-677-ibutamoren" }, "casNumber": { "value": "159634-47-6 (free base)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/178024" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "159634-47-6 (free base)", "pubchemCid": "178024", "drugbank": "DB18214", "wikidata": "Q5984942", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibutamoren", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=ibutamoren" } }, { "slug": "cjc-1295-dac", "name": "CJC-1295 DAC", "fullName": "CJC-1295 DAC (Drug Affinity Complex)", "category": "Growth", "categorySlug": "growth", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/cjc-1295-dac", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "3647.25 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/91971820" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C165H269N47O46", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/91971820" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "30 amino acids (tetrasubstituted GHRH(1-29) core plus Lys30 bearing the maleimidopropionyl DAC linker)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15817669/" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) on anterior pituitary somatotrophs", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Long-acting GHRH analog / growth hormone secretagogue (GHRH receptor agonist); albumin-binding via Drug Affinity Complex", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15817669/" }, "halfLife": { "value": "5.8-8.1 days (single-dose elimination half-life in healthy adults; commonly cited as ~6-8 days)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not approved by FDA or EMA for any indication; investigational compound whose clinical development (Phase II, ConjuChem) was discontinued in 2006; research-use-only / not approved for human use", "source": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00267527" }, "casNumber": { "value": "446262-90-4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/91971820" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "446262-90-4", "pubchemCid": "91971820", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q5012018", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJC-1295", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=CJC-1295+DAC" } }, { "slug": "liraglutide", "name": "Liraglutide", "fullName": "Liraglutide (Saxenda / Victoza)", "category": "Weight Loss", "categorySlug": "weight-loss", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/liraglutide", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "3751.26 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16134956" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C172H265N43O51", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16134956" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "31 amino acids", "source": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK608007/" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "GLP-1 receptor (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3946d389-0926-4f77-a708-0acb8153b143" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "GLP-1 receptor agonist (incretin mimetic)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3946d389-0926-4f77-a708-0acb8153b143" }, "halfLife": { "value": "approximately 13 hours", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3946d389-0926-4f77-a708-0acb8153b143" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection, once daily", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3946d389-0926-4f77-a708-0acb8153b143" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA approved: Victoza (type 2 diabetes, Jan 2010) and Saxenda (chronic weight management, Dec 2014)", "source": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-weight-management-drug-patients-aged-12-and-older" }, "casNumber": { "value": "204656-20-2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16134956" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "204656-20-2", "pubchemCid": "16134956", "drugbank": "DB06655", "wikidata": "Q2526479", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liraglutide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=liraglutide" } }, { "slug": "adipotide", "name": "Adipotide", "fullName": "Adipotide (FTPP -- Fat-Targeted Proapoptotic Peptide)", "category": "Weight Loss", "categorySlug": "weight-loss", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/adipotide", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "2557.2 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/163360068/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C111H206N36O28S2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/163360068/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "25 amino acids", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22072637/" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Prohibitin (and annexin A2/ANXA2) on the endothelium of blood vessels supplying white adipose tissue", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15133506/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Ligand-directed proapoptotic peptidomimetic (adipose vasculature-targeting, KLAKLAK mitochondrial-disrupting)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22072637/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22072637/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Investigational; not FDA-approved for any indication. Reached Phase 1 (Arrowhead, obese cancer patients, first patient dosed 2012); clinical development discontinued as of 2019.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitin-targeting_peptide_1" }, "casNumber": { "value": "859216-15-2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/163360068/synonyms/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "859216-15-2", "pubchemCid": "163360068", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": null, "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=adipotide" } }, { "slug": "cagrilintide", "name": "Cagrilintide", "fullName": "Cagrilintide (Long-Acting Amylin Analog)", "category": "Weight Loss", "categorySlug": "weight-loss", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/cagrilintide", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "4409 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/171397054/property/MolecularWeight,MolecularFormula/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C194H312N54O59S2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/171397054" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "37 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/171397054/synonyms/JSON" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Amylin receptors and calcitonin receptor (calcitonin family receptors)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=13768" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Long-acting amylin analog; nonselective amylin/calcitonin receptor agonist", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=13768" }, "halfLife": { "value": "159-195 h (approximately 7-8 days)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33894838/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection, once weekly", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33894838/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Investigational; not FDA-approved. CagriSema (cagrilintide + semaglutide) NDA submitted to FDA Dec 18, 2025; decision expected ~Oct 2026.", "source": "https://www.drugs.com/history/cagrisema.html" }, "casNumber": { "value": "1415456-99-3", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/171397054/synonyms/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "1415456-99-3", "pubchemCid": "171397054", "drugbank": "DB18887", "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagrilintide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=cagrilintide" } }, { "slug": "dulaglutide", "name": "Dulaglutide", "fullName": "Dulaglutide", "category": "Weight Loss", "categorySlug": "weight-loss", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/dulaglutide", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "~63 kDa (approx. 63,000 g/mol)", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/125469s051lbl.pdf" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C2646H4044N704O836S18", "source": "https://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/923950-08-7_1470497.html" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "275 amino acids per chain (homodimer of 2 identical disulfide-linked chains)", "source": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154170" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "GLP-1 receptor", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/125469s051lbl.pdf" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "GLP-1 receptor agonist (long-acting; Fc-fusion protein)", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/125469s051lbl.pdf" }, "halfLife": { "value": "approximately 5 days", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/125469s051lbl.pdf" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection, once weekly", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/125469s051lbl.pdf" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (Trulicity, 2014) for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (adults and pediatric patients 10+) and reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with T2DM", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/125469s051lbl.pdf" }, "casNumber": { "value": "923950-08-7", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/substance/sid/135360107/synonyms/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "923950-08-7", "pubchemCid": null, "drugbank": "DB09045", "wikidata": "Q21011228", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulaglutide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=dulaglutide" } }, { "slug": "hgh-fragment-176-191", "name": "hGH Fragment 176-191", "fullName": "hGH Fragment 176-191", "category": "Weight Loss", "categorySlug": "weight-loss", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/hgh-fragment-176-191", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1859.1 g/mol (PubChem CID 172966176, acetate salt form)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/172966176" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C80H127N23O24S2 (PubChem CID 172966176, acetate salt)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/172966176" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "16", "source": "https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P01241.fasta" }, "primaryTarget": null, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Growth hormone C-terminal lipolytic fragment (purported lipolytic agent; lipolytic claims derive largely from the modified analog AOD9604, not the bare fragment)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11713213/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": null, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved; research-use-only / not approved for human use. Has not been studied in humans (only the modified analog AOD9604 has clinical/human data).", "source": "https://jofem.org/index.php/jofem/article/view/157/194" }, "casNumber": { "value": "66004-57-7", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16131230" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "66004-57-7", "pubchemCid": "172966176", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q123481258", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGH_Fragment_176%E2%80%93191", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=HGH+Fragment+176-191" } }, { "slug": "epithalon", "name": "Epithalon", "fullName": "Epithalon (Epitalon / AEDG Tetrapeptide)", "category": "Longevity", "categorySlug": "longevity", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/epithalon", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "390.35 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/219042/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C14H22N4O9", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/219042/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "4 amino acids (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/219042" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Telomerase (hTERT catalytic subunit)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11943447/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Telomerase activator (geroprotective bioregulatory peptide)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11943447/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection (studies also used intranasal, sublingual, and parabulbar routes)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11943447/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved; research-use-only. No FDA-labeled drug product exists (DailyMed returns 0 results).", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=epitalon" }, "casNumber": { "value": "307297-39-8 (alternate: 64082-79-7)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/219042/JSON?heading=CAS" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "307297-39-8 (alternate: 64082-79-7)", "pubchemCid": "219042", "drugbank": "DB17882", "wikidata": "Q27285389", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitalon", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=epithalon" } }, { "slug": "nad-plus", "name": "NAD+", "fullName": "NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)", "category": "Longevity", "categorySlug": "longevity", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/nad-plus", "dateModified": "2026-04-09", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "663.4 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/925/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C21H27N7O14P2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/925/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": null, "primaryTarget": { "value": "NAD+-dependent enzymes: sirtuins (SIRT1-7), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), and CD38; also the mitochondrial electron transport chain as a redox cofactor", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7963035/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Coenzyme / redox cofactor (electron carrier) and substrate for NAD+-consuming enzymes (sirtuin deacetylases, PARPs, CD38); not a receptor agonist", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7963035/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection or intravenous infusion (IV clinic-supervised)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6751327/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved for any indication; injectable NAD+ is not a dietary supplement and is available only via pharmacy compounding (a nominated bulk drug substance under FDA review); considered research/wellness-use only with FDA adverse-event reports on record", "source": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act" }, "casNumber": { "value": "53-84-9", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/925/JSON?heading=CAS" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "53-84-9", "pubchemCid": "925", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q12499775", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=NAD%2B" } }, { "slug": "humanin", "name": "Humanin", "fullName": "Humanin (Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide)", "category": "Longevity", "categorySlug": "longevity", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/humanin", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "2687.2 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16131438/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C119H204N34O32S2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16131438/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "24 amino acids", "source": "https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q8IVG9.txt" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Pro-apoptotic protein BAX (sequesters/inhibits); also binds IGFBP-3 and signals via the CNTFR/WSX-1/gp130 receptor complex and formyl peptide receptors FPR2/FPR3", "source": "https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q8IVG9.txt" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Mitochondrial-derived peptide (cytoprotective/anti-apoptotic signaling peptide)", "source": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q8IVG9/entry" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~30 minutes (HNG analog, IP, wild-type mice); >4 hours in rats -- species- and IGFBP-3-binding-dependent", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3776863/" }, "route": { "value": "Injection -- subcutaneous or intravenous (research use); intraperitoneal in animal models", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3776863/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA approved for any indication; research-use-only / investigational, no completed human clinical trials", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16131438" }, "casNumber": { "value": "330936-69-1", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16131438/synonyms/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "330936-69-1", "pubchemCid": "16131438", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=humanin" } }, { "slug": "fox04-dri", "name": "FOXO4-DRI", "fullName": "FOXO4-DRI (D-Retro-Inverso Senolytic Peptide)", "category": "Longevity", "categorySlug": "longevity", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/fox04-dri", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "5358.15 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/167312269" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C228H388N86O64", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/167312269" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "46 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/167312269/JSON" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "FOXO4-p53 protein-protein interaction (competitively disrupts FOXO4 binding to p53 in senescent cells)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28340339/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Senolytic peptide (FOXO4-p53 interaction inhibitor; induces p53-mediated apoptosis selectively in senescent cells)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28340339/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Preclinical studies used intraperitoneal and intravenous injection in mice; subcutaneous injection in investigational human use (no clinical PK established)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28340339/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA approved for any indication; no registered human clinical trials; research-use-only / not approved for human use", "source": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/api/v2/studies?query.term=FOXO4-DRI&format=json" }, "casNumber": { "value": "2460055-10-9", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/167312269" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "2460055-10-9", "pubchemCid": "167312269", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXO4-DRI", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=FOXO4-DRI" } }, { "slug": "ss-31", "name": "SS-31", "fullName": "SS-31 (Elamipretide)", "category": "Cellular Health", "categorySlug": "cellular-health", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/ss-31", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "639.8 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11764719" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C32H49N9O5", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11764719" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "4", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11816484/" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Cardiolipin (inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=146bf34c-76f2-48db-ac07-fb29cce2cd75" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Mitochondria-targeting peptide / cardiolipin binder (mitochondrial function stabilizer)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=146bf34c-76f2-48db-ac07-fb29cce2cd75" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (approved product, 40 mg once daily); intravenous infusion in clinical trials", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=146bf34c-76f2-48db-ac07-fb29cce2cd75" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA accelerated approval Sept 19, 2025 as FORZINITY (elamipretide HCl) to improve muscle strength in Barth syndrome patients >=30 kg; all other uses (anti-aging, HFpEF, general mitochondrial support) investigational/not approved", "source": "https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-first-treatment-barth-syndrome" }, "casNumber": { "value": "736992-21-5", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11764719" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "736992-21-5", "pubchemCid": "11764719", "drugbank": "DB11981", "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamipretide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=elamipretide" } }, { "slug": "selank", "name": "Selank", "fullName": "Selank (TKPRPGP)", "category": "Cognitive", "categorySlug": "cognitive", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/selank", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "751.9 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11765600" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C33H57N11O9", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11765600" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "7", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11765600" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "GABA-A receptor (positive modulation of sensitivity); also inhibits enkephalin-degrading enzymes (enkephalinases)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11550013/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Anxiolytic/nootropic heptapeptide; synthetic tuftsin analog (GABAergic modulator with enkephalinase inhibition)", "source": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2016.00031/full" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Intranasal (nasal mucosa); also intravenous/subcutaneous injection", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selank" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA approved; research-use-only in the US. Registered/approved in Russia for generalized anxiety disorder and neurasthenia (brand name Selank/Selanc)", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selank" }, "casNumber": { "value": "129954-34-3", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11765600" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "129954-34-3", "pubchemCid": "11765600", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q5810370", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selank", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=selank" } }, { "slug": "semax", "name": "Semax", "fullName": "Semax (MEHFPGP)", "category": "Cognitive", "categorySlug": "cognitive", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/semax", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "813.9 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/9811102/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C37H51N9O10S", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/9811102/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "7", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9811102" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "BDNF/TrkB signaling in the hippocampus (upregulates BDNF and its TrkB receptor); modulates dopaminergic, serotonergic and cholinergic systems", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16996037/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "ACTH(4-10)/melanocortin-derived neuroprotective and nootropic heptapeptide (neurotrophic factor inducer); does not stimulate cortisol release", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16996037/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Intranasal (primary); also subcutaneous injection", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12755871/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not approved by FDA or EMA; research-use-only in the US. Registered as a pharmaceutical in Russia (1994) and CIS countries for cerebrovascular/cognitive indications and on Russia's list of vital essential drugs.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semax" }, "casNumber": { "value": "80714-61-0", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9811102" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "80714-61-0", "pubchemCid": "9811102", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q4415058", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semax", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=semax" } }, { "slug": "cerebrolysin", "name": "Cerebrolysin", "fullName": "Cerebrolysin (Porcine Brain-Derived Neuropeptide Preparation)", "category": "Cognitive", "categorySlug": "cognitive", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/cerebrolysin", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": null, "molecularFormula": null, "sequenceLength": null, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Neurotrophic signaling pathways; mimics endogenous neurotrophic factors (BDNF/NGF/GDNF-like activity). Specific molecular target not clearly defined.", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3019019/" }, "mechanismClass": null, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Intravenous (IV) infusion (primary) or intramuscular (IM) injection", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3019019/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved in the United States (research-use-only in US). Approved in several European and Asian countries (e.g., Austria, Germany, Russia, China, South Korea) for stroke/post-apoplectic complications, traumatic brain injury, and dementia. Marketing Authorisation Holder: EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH (Austria).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrolysin" }, "casNumber": { "value": "12656-61-0", "source": "https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB01326626.htm" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "12656-61-0", "pubchemCid": null, "drugbank": "DB16599", "wikidata": "Q19946892", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrolysin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=cerebrolysin" } }, { "slug": "p-21", "name": "P-21", "fullName": "P-21 (P021)", "category": "Cognitive", "categorySlug": "cognitive", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/p-21", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "578.7 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/56589645/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C27H42N6O8", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/56589645" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "4", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9599095/" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling / BDNF-TrkB pathway (with downstream GSK3-beta inhibition)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9599095/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "CNTF-derived neurotrophic peptide mimetic (neurogenesis-promoting / BDNF-upregulating)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9599095/" }, "halfLife": { "value": ">3 hours (plasma)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9599095/" }, "route": { "value": "Oral (preclinical); intraperitoneal/subcutaneous and intranasal also studied", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9599095/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA approved; preclinical / early clinical development for Alzheimer's disease (Phanes Biotech); research-use-only", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9599095/" }, "casNumber": { "value": "1246751-68-7", "source": "http://glixxlabs.com/chemical-products/bioactive-screen-leads-p6/GLXC-21260" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "1246751-68-7", "pubchemCid": "56589645", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_021", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=P021+peptide" } }, { "slug": "pe-22-28", "name": "PE-22-28", "fullName": "PE-22-28 (Optimized Spadin Analog)", "category": "Cognitive", "categorySlug": "cognitive", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/pe-22-28", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "773.9 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/165437303" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C35H55N11O9", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/165437303" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "7 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/165437303" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "TREK-1 potassium channel (TWIK-related K+ channel 1; IC50 0.12 nM)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5601071/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "TREK-1 channel inhibitor (spadin analog)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5601071/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": null, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA approved; no registered human clinical trials; preclinical research-use only, not approved for human use", "source": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=PE-22-28" }, "casNumber": { "value": "1801959-12-5", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/165437303" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "1801959-12-5", "pubchemCid": "165437303", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PE_22-28", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=PE-22-28" } }, { "slug": "dsip", "name": "DSIP", "fullName": "DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)", "category": "Sleep", "categorySlug": "sleep", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/dsip", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "848.8 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68816" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C35H48N10O15", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68816" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "9 amino acids (Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu / WAGGDASGE)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68816" }, "primaryTarget": null, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Endogenous sleep-modulating neuropeptide (nonapeptide); no defined receptor-agonist pharmacological class", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16539679/" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~15 minutes (in vitro, due to aminopeptidase-like enzyme degradation)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6548966/" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (intravenous used in early human clinical studies)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3622582/" }, "regulatoryStatus": null, "casNumber": { "value": "62568-57-4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68816" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "62568-57-4", "pubchemCid": "68816", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q5254800", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-sleep-inducing_peptide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=DSIP" } }, { "slug": "thymosin-alpha-1", "name": "Thymosin Alpha-1", "fullName": "Thymosin Alpha-1 (Thymalfasin)", "category": "Immune", "categorySlug": "immune", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/thymosin-alpha-1", "dateModified": "2026-04-11", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "3108.3 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16130571" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C129H215N33O55", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16130571" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "28 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16130571" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Toll-like receptors (TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-9) on immune cells", "source": "https://www.rxlist.com/zadaxin-drug.htm" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Immunomodulator / thymic peptide (T-cell modulator, TLR agonist)", "source": "https://www.rxlist.com/zadaxin-drug.htm" }, "halfLife": { "value": "approximately 2 hours (serum half-life, subcutaneous)", "source": "https://www.rxlist.com/zadaxin-drug.htm" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (should not be given intravenously)", "source": "https://www.rxlist.com/zadaxin-drug.htm" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved; approved as Zadaxin (thymalfasin) in 35+ countries for chronic hepatitis B/C and immune enhancement; used in the US only as research/off-label compounded formulation", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16130571" }, "casNumber": { "value": "62304-98-7", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16130571" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "62304-98-7", "pubchemCid": "16130571", "drugbank": "DB04900", "wikidata": "Q20817234", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=thymosin+alpha+1" } }, { "slug": "thymalin", "name": "Thymalin", "fullName": "Thymalin (Thymic Peptide Bioregulator)", "category": "Immune", "categorySlug": "immune", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/thymalin", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": null, "molecularFormula": null, "sequenceLength": null, "primaryTarget": { "value": "T-lymphocyte differentiation / gene expression via peptide binding to DNA and histone proteins; restores IL-2 and CD4+/CD8+/CD3+ T-cell populations", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8654498/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Immunomodulator (thymic polypeptide bioregulator) with geroprotective activity", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8365293/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Intramuscular (IM) injection; subcutaneous (SubQ) also used", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8654498/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Registered/approved in Russia as an immunomodulator (Ministry of Health reg. no. LS-000267, Feb 26 2010); NOT approved by FDA or EMA (research/unapproved in US & EU)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8654498/" }, "casNumber": null }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": null, "pubchemCid": "3085284", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": null, "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=thymalin" } }, { "slug": "vilon", "name": "Vilon", "fullName": "Vilon (L-Lys-L-Glu Dipeptide Bioregulator)", "category": "Immune", "categorySlug": "immune", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/vilon", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "275.30 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/7010502/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C11H21N3O5", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/7010502/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/7010502/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Genomic DNA / histone chromatin (epigenetic gene-expression modulation) and thymic/immune-cell targets driving T-lymphocyte (CD5/CD8) proliferation and IL-2 signaling", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15105581/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Peptide bioregulator (short-peptide immunomodulator / geroprotector); acts as an epigenetic transcriptional regulator rather than via a classical receptor", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10944717/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (also reported intranasal/peroral in Russian research); parenteral", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11586413/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA/EMA approved; sold research-use-only in US/EU; clinical use only in Russia/Eastern Europe (no registered Western human trials)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10944717/" }, "casNumber": { "value": "45234-02-4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/7010502/synonyms/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "45234-02-4", "pubchemCid": "7010502", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q27144733", "wikipedia": null, "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=vilon+peptide" } }, { "slug": "kisspeptin-10", "name": "Kisspeptin-10", "fullName": "Kisspeptin-10 (KISS1 C-Terminal Fragment)", "category": "Sexual Health", "categorySlug": "sexual-health", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/kisspeptin-10", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1302.4 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/25240297/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C63H83N17O14", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/25240297/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "10 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/25240297/JSON?heading=Depositor-Supplied+Synonyms" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "KISS1R (GPR54) on hypothalamic GnRH neurons", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3232613/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "KISS1R (GPR54) agonist; stimulates hypothalamic GnRH release, driving pituitary LH/FSH secretion", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3232613/" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~4 minutes (in vivo plasma; ~55 seconds in vitro)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4507333/" }, "route": { "value": "Intravenous (clinical research); subcutaneous injection (extrapolated research use)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3232613/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA/EMA approved; investigational / research-use-only. Active clinical trials in reproductive medicine; no approved indication.", "source": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=kisspeptin" }, "casNumber": { "value": "374675-21-5", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/25240297/JSON?heading=CAS" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "374675-21-5", "pubchemCid": "25240297", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": null, "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=kisspeptin" } }, { "slug": "oxytocin", "name": "Oxytocin", "fullName": "Oxytocin (Neuropeptide)", "category": "Sexual Health", "categorySlug": "sexual-health", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/oxytocin", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1007.2 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439302" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C43H66N12O12S2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439302" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "9 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439302" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Oxytocin receptor (OXTR), a Gq-coupled G-protein-coupled receptor", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=369" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Oxytocin receptor agonist / uterotonic (oxytocic agent)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a9b62187-4141-487c-a9da-f42ad7f9b408&type=display" }, "halfLife": { "value": "3 to 5 minutes (plasma)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a9b62187-4141-487c-a9da-f42ad7f9b408&type=display" }, "route": { "value": "Intravenous infusion or intramuscular (FDA-approved obstetric use); intranasal or subcutaneous for off-label neuroscience/sexual-wellness use", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a9b62187-4141-487c-a9da-f42ad7f9b408&type=display" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (synthetic oxytocin, Pitocin) for antepartum labor induction/augmentation and postpartum control of uterine bleeding; sexual-wellness, social-bonding, and anxiety uses are off-label and not FDA-approved", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a9b62187-4141-487c-a9da-f42ad7f9b408&type=display" }, "casNumber": { "value": "50-56-6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439302" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "50-56-6", "pubchemCid": "439302", "drugbank": "DB00107", "wikidata": "Q169960", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=oxytocin" } }, { "slug": "pt-141", "name": "PT-141", "fullName": "PT-141 (Bremelanotide)", "category": "Sexual Health", "categorySlug": "sexual-health", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/pt-141", "dateModified": "2026-04-11", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1025.2 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9941379" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C50H68N14O10", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9941379" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "7 amino acids", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Melanocortin receptors (MC1R and MC4R primary; also MC3R, MC5R, MC2R)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Melanocortin receptor agonist (nonselective)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9" }, "halfLife": { "value": "2.7 hours (range 1.9-4.0 hours), mean terminal half-life after single subcutaneous dose", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved 2019 as Vyleesi for acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9" }, "casNumber": { "value": "189691-06-3", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9941379" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "189691-06-3", "pubchemCid": "9941379", "drugbank": "DB11653", "wikidata": "Q415353", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremelanotide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=bremelanotide" } }, { "slug": "melanotan-1", "name": "Melanotan 1", "fullName": "Melanotan 1 (Afamelanotide)", "category": "Skin/Tanning", "categorySlug": "skin-tanning", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/melanotan-1", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1646.8 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16197727" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C78H111N21O19", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16197727" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "13 amino acids", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f53286-11dd-7fbb-e053-2a95a90a7c48" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f53286-11dd-7fbb-e053-2a95a90a7c48" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) agonist; synthetic alpha-MSH analog", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f53286-11dd-7fbb-e053-2a95a90a7c48" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~15 hr (subcutaneous controlled-release implant)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f53286-11dd-7fbb-e053-2a95a90a7c48" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous bioresorbable implant (FDA-approved); subcutaneous injection (research/off-label)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f53286-11dd-7fbb-e053-2a95a90a7c48" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (Scenesse), Oct 2019, for increasing pain-free light exposure in adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP); EMA-approved Jan 2015 for same indication", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f53286-11dd-7fbb-e053-2a95a90a7c48" }, "casNumber": { "value": "75921-69-6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16197727" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "75921-69-6", "pubchemCid": "16197727", "drugbank": "DB04931", "wikidata": "Q410794", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afamelanotide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=afamelanotide" } }, { "slug": "melanotan-2", "name": "Melanotan 2", "fullName": "Melanotan 2 (MT-2)", "category": "Skin/Tanning", "categorySlug": "skin-tanning", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/melanotan-2", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1024.2 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/92432/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C50H69N15O9", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/92432/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "7 amino acids", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/92432/synonyms/JSON" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Melanocortin receptors MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, MC5R (non-selective; no significant MC2R)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/services/ligands/1323/interactions" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist (synthetic cyclic analog of alpha-MSH)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/services/ligands/1323/interactions" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8637402/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA-approved for any indication; unapproved for human use, sold research-use-only. Also not approved by EMA, MHRA, or TGA.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanotan_II" }, "casNumber": { "value": "121062-08-6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/92432/synonyms/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "121062-08-6", "pubchemCid": "92432", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q423855", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanotan_II", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=melanotan+II" } }, { "slug": "gonadorelin", "name": "Gonadorelin", "fullName": "Gonadorelin (GnRH)", "category": "Hormonal", "categorySlug": "hormonal", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/gonadorelin", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1182.3 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/638793" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C55H75N17O13", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/638793" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "10", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1451663c-b85a-4b45-8b27-6d572d0032f9" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "GnRH receptor (gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, GnRHR) on anterior pituitary gonadotrophs", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=256" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "GnRH receptor agonist (gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue)", "source": "https://www.ferring.ca/media/1230/lutrepulse-pm-control-no-127836-3-2mg-and-0-8-mg-en_17aug2010.pdf" }, "halfLife": { "value": "10 to 40 minutes (terminal elimination); distribution half-life ~2 to 10 minutes", "source": "https://www.ferring.ca/media/1230/lutrepulse-pm-control-no-127836-3-2mg-and-0-8-mg-en_17aug2010.pdf" }, "route": { "value": "Intravenous or subcutaneous injection; pulsatile SQ infusion pump for therapeutic use", "source": "https://www.rxlist.com/factrel-drug.htm" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (human) 1982 as Factrel for evaluating anterior pituitary gonadotrope function (GnRH stimulation test); now discontinued/withdrawn from US market. Separate veterinary FDA approval exists. Not currently marketed for human use.", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/638793" }, "casNumber": { "value": "33515-09-2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/638793" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "33515-09-2", "pubchemCid": "638793", "drugbank": "DB00644", "wikidata": "Q20817116", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadorelin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=gonadorelin" } }, { "slug": "hcg", "name": "HCG", "fullName": "Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)", "category": "Hormonal", "categorySlug": "hormonal", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/hcg", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "~36.7 kDa (protein core; ~37.9-39.5 kDa glycosylated intact hormone)", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" }, "molecularFormula": null, "sequenceLength": { "value": "237 (alpha subunit 92 + beta subunit 145)", "source": "https://www.drugs.com/monograph/choriogonadotropin-alfa.html" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "LH/hCG receptor (luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor, GPCR) on Leydig cells and ovarian corpus luteum", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=dc604794-6dd6-43a7-85fa-2f04ed325c33" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Gonadotropin / LH receptor agonist", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=dc604794-6dd6-43a7-85fa-2f04ed325c33" }, "halfLife": { "value": "Recombinant (Ovidrel): terminal ~29 +/- 6 h SC, 26.5 +/- 2.5 h IV (initial ~4.5 +/- 0.5 h). Urinary (Pregnyl): biphasic ~11 h initial, ~23 h terminal", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/021149s020lbl.pdf" }, "route": { "value": "Intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SQ) injection", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=dc604794-6dd6-43a7-85fa-2f04ed325c33" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved: prepubertal cryptorchidism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (males), ovulation induction (females); recombinant Ovidrel approved 2000", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=dc604794-6dd6-43a7-85fa-2f04ed325c33" }, "casNumber": { "value": "9002-61-3 (chorionic gonadotropin, general); 177073-44-8 (recombinant choriogonadotropin alfa)", "source": "https://www.drugs.com/monograph/choriogonadotropin-alfa.html" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "9002-61-3 (chorionic gonadotropin, general); 177073-44-8 (recombinant choriogonadotropin alfa)", "pubchemCid": null, "drugbank": "DB09126", "wikidata": "Q407172", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=human+chorionic+gonadotropin" } }, { "slug": "triptorelin", "name": "Triptorelin", "fullName": "Triptorelin (GnRH Analog)", "category": "Hormonal", "categorySlug": "hormonal", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/triptorelin", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1311.4 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/25074470" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C64H82N18O13", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/25074470" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "10 amino acids (decapeptide; pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Trp-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2)", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/25074470/JSON?heading=Depositor-Supplied+Synonyms" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "GnRH receptor (pituitary gonadotropes)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=b1b84d62-a369-a4b7-5c41-dd1f553a18f3" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "GnRH receptor agonist (gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=b1b84d62-a369-a4b7-5c41-dd1f553a18f3" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~6 min, ~45 min, and ~3 hours (three-compartment model, after IV bolus in healthy men)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=b1b84d62-a369-a4b7-5c41-dd1f553a18f3" }, "route": { "value": "Intramuscular (depot); subcutaneous in investigational PCT use", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=b1b84d62-a369-a4b7-5c41-dd1f553a18f3" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (Trelstar, triptorelin pamoate) for treatment of advanced prostate cancer; Initial U.S. Approval 2000", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=b1b84d62-a369-a4b7-5c41-dd1f553a18f3" }, "casNumber": { "value": "57773-63-4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/25074470" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "57773-63-4", "pubchemCid": "25074470", "drugbank": "DB06825", "wikidata": "Q1992452", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptorelin", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=triptorelin" } }, { "slug": "cetrorelix", "name": "Cetrorelix", "fullName": "Cetrorelix", "category": "Hormonal", "categorySlug": "hormonal", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/cetrorelix", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1431.0 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/25074887" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C70H92ClN17O14", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/25074887" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "10", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=aca7768e-28a7-4027-b1d8-e66247665f79&type=display" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor (pituitary)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=aca7768e-28a7-4027-b1d8-e66247665f79&type=display" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "GnRH receptor antagonist", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=aca7768e-28a7-4027-b1d8-e66247665f79&type=display" }, "halfLife": { "value": "5.0 h (0.25 mg SC single dose); 62.8 h (3 mg SC single/depot dose) - dose-dependent", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=aca7768e-28a7-4027-b1d8-e66247665f79&type=display" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=aca7768e-28a7-4027-b1d8-e66247665f79&type=display" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (2000) as Cetrotide for inhibition of premature LH surges in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation (ART)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=aca7768e-28a7-4027-b1d8-e66247665f79&type=display" }, "casNumber": { "value": "120287-85-6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/25074887" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "120287-85-6", "pubchemCid": "25074887", "drugbank": "DB00050", "wikidata": "Q5065704", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetrorelix", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=cetrorelix" } }, { "slug": "degarelix", "name": "Degarelix", "fullName": "Degarelix", "category": "Hormonal", "categorySlug": "hormonal", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/degarelix", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1632.3 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16136245/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C82H103ClN18O16", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16136245/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "10", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=ab11dd8a-0fd9-4013-89ab-e114557c7e4b" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Pituitary GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) receptor", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=ab11dd8a-0fd9-4013-89ab-e114557c7e4b" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "GnRH receptor antagonist", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=ab11dd8a-0fd9-4013-89ab-e114557c7e4b" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~53 days (median terminal half-life after subcutaneous 240 mg loading dose)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=ab11dd8a-0fd9-4013-89ab-e114557c7e4b" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (abdominal region only); no oral formulation", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=ab11dd8a-0fd9-4013-89ab-e114557c7e4b" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (2008) for treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer; marketed as Firmagon (Ferring Pharmaceuticals)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=ab11dd8a-0fd9-4013-89ab-e114557c7e4b" }, "casNumber": { "value": "214766-78-6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16136245" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "214766-78-6", "pubchemCid": "16136245", "drugbank": "DB06699", "wikidata": "Q1182795", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degarelix", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=degarelix" } }, { "slug": "octreotide", "name": "Octreotide", "fullName": "Octreotide (Synthetic Somatostatin Analog)", "category": "Hormonal", "categorySlug": "hormonal", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/octreotide", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "1019.2 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/448601/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName,CanonicalSMILES/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C49H66N10O10S2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/448601" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "8 amino acids (cyclic octapeptide)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=d0b7fe9e-7000-4b79-ba3b-291ce92c14f9" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2); moderate affinity SSTR3 and SSTR5", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9944328/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Somatostatin analog (somatostatin receptor agonist)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=d0b7fe9e-7000-4b79-ba3b-291ce92c14f9" }, "halfLife": { "value": "1.7 hours (immediate-release subcutaneous); reported 1.7 to 1.9 h in PK studies vs 1 to 3 min for natural somatostatin", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=d0b7fe9e-7000-4b79-ba3b-291ce92c14f9" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection (immediate-release, Sandostatin) or gluteal intramuscular depot injection (Sandostatin LAR Depot, every 4 weeks)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=d0b7fe9e-7000-4b79-ba3b-291ce92c14f9" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (Sandostatin, octreotide acetate); Initial U.S. Approval 1988. Indications: acromegaly, severe diarrhea/flushing from metastatic carcinoid tumors, and profuse watery diarrhea from VIP-secreting tumors (VIPomas)", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=d0b7fe9e-7000-4b79-ba3b-291ce92c14f9" }, "casNumber": { "value": "83150-76-9", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/448601" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "83150-76-9", "pubchemCid": "448601", "drugbank": "DB00104", "wikidata": "Q419935", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octreotide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=octreotide" } }, { "slug": "aicar", "name": "AICAR", "fullName": "AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide Ribonucleoside)", "category": "Endurance", "categorySlug": "endurance", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/aicar", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "258.23 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/17513/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName,CanonicalSMILES/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C9H14N4O5", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/17513/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName,CanonicalSMILES/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": null, "primaryTarget": { "value": "AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); activated indirectly via the AMP-mimetic metabolite ZMP (also inhibits AMP deaminase and modulates adenosine signaling)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8147799/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "AMPK activator (AMP-mimetic nucleoside analogue / adenosine-regulating agent)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18457469/" }, "halfLife": { "value": "Intact acadesine cleared rapidly (measurable in plasma only ~2 h after a 15-min IV infusion); terminal half-life of total radioactivity ~1 week, reflecting the uric acid metabolite. Total plasma clearance 2.2 +/- 0.2 L/h/kg", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8227467/" }, "route": { "value": "Intravenous infusion in human clinical studies (CABG trials); supplied for research use as lyophilized powder reconstituted for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8227467/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "No FDA-approved therapeutic indication; investigational (reached Phase III for myocardial protection in CABG but failed for efficacy). Prohibited at all times under the WADA Prohibited List since 2009 as a metabolic modulator (AMPK activator)", "source": "https://www.usada.org/spirit-of-sport/education/aicar-and-other-prohibited-amp-activated-protein-kinase-activators/" }, "casNumber": { "value": "2627-69-2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/17513/xrefs/RN/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "2627-69-2", "pubchemCid": "17513", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": "Q4671562", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadesine", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=AICAR" } }, { "slug": "sr-9011", "name": "SR-9011", "fullName": "SR-9011", "category": "Endurance", "categorySlug": "endurance", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/sr-9011", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "479.0 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/57394021/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C23H31ClN4O3S", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/57394021/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": null, "primaryTarget": { "value": "REV-ERBalpha and REV-ERBbeta nuclear receptors (NR1D1/NR1D2); IC50 790 nM and 560 nM respectively", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=8900" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "REV-ERB nuclear receptor agonist", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22460951/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Intraperitoneal (i.p.) in animal studies (100 mg/kg twice daily in mice); no validated human route; characterized by high metabolic clearance", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22460951/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Research-use-only; not approved for human use by FDA or EMA; no human clinical trials conducted", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR9011" }, "casNumber": { "value": "1379686-29-9", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/57394021/JSON?heading=CAS" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "1379686-29-9", "pubchemCid": "57394021", "drugbank": "DB14014", "wikidata": "Q15410183", "wikipedia": null, "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=SR-9011" } }, { "slug": "slu-pp-332", "name": "SLU-PP-332", "fullName": "SLU-PP-332", "category": "Endurance", "categorySlug": "endurance", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/slu-pp-332", "dateModified": "2026-04-12", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "290.3 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5338394" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C18H14N2O2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5338394" }, "sequenceLength": null, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRa); pan-agonist across ERRa/b/g (EC50 ~0.22 microM at ERRa)", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13112601/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Pan-ERR (estrogen-related receptor) agonist; exercise mimetic", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10801787/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Intraperitoneal in published murine studies; oral bioavailability under investigation; no validated human protocol", "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13112601/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Research-use-only; not FDA/EMA approved for any indication; no human clinical trials initiated (preclinical only as of 2026)", "source": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=SLU-PP-332" }, "casNumber": { "value": "303760-60-3", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5338394" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "303760-60-3", "pubchemCid": "5338394", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLU-PP-332", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=SLU-PP-332" } }, { "slug": "teriparatide", "name": "Teriparatide", "fullName": "Teriparatide (PTH 1-34 / Forteo)", "category": "Bone Health", "categorySlug": "bone-health", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/teriparatide", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "4117.8 g/mol", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=aae667c5-381f-4f92-93df-2ed6158d07b0" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C181H291N55O51S2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16133850" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "34", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=aae667c5-381f-4f92-93df-2ed6158d07b0" }, "primaryTarget": { "value": "Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=4448" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Parathyroid hormone analog / PTH1 receptor agonist (anabolic bone-forming agent)", "source": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=4448" }, "halfLife": { "value": "~1 hour (subcutaneous); ~5 minutes true elimination half-life after IV administration", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=aae667c5-381f-4f92-93df-2ed6158d07b0" }, "route": { "value": "Subcutaneous injection, once daily", "source": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=aae667c5-381f-4f92-93df-2ed6158d07b0" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "FDA-approved (Forteo, Eli Lilly, November 2002) for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men at high fracture risk, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; prescription-only", "source": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2002/21318.pdf" }, "casNumber": { "value": "52232-67-4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16133850" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "52232-67-4", "pubchemCid": "16133850", "drugbank": "DB06285", "wikidata": "Q411781", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teriparatide", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=teriparatide" } }, { "slug": "prostamax", "name": "Prostamax", "fullName": "Prostamax (KEDP)", "category": "Prostate Health", "categorySlug": "prostate-health", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/prostamax", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "487.5 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/9848296/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName,CanonicalSMILES/JSON" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C20H33N5O9", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/9848296/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName,CanonicalSMILES/JSON" }, "sequenceLength": { "value": "4", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/9848296/property/MolecularFormula,MolecularWeight,IUPACName,CanonicalSMILES/JSON" }, "primaryTarget": null, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Short peptide bioregulator (Khavinson tetrapeptide); tissue-specific epigenetic/gene-expression regulator", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15612551/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": null, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA/EMA approved; research-use-only. No Western randomized controlled trials; evidence base is preclinical/small Russian-literature studies. Not approved for human therapeutic use.", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9848296" }, "casNumber": { "value": "473578-47-1", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/9848296/synonyms/JSON" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "473578-47-1", "pubchemCid": "9848296", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": null, "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=prostamax" } }, { "slug": "ptd-dbm", "name": "PTD-DBM", "fullName": "PTD-DBM (Protein Transduction Domain - Dishevelled Binding Motif)", "category": "Hair Growth", "categorySlug": "hair-growth", "url": "https://www.peptidesinstitute.org/peptides/ptd-dbm", "dateModified": "2026-07-03", "keyFacts": { "molecularWeight": { "value": "3082.6 g/mol", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/176453931" }, "molecularFormula": { "value": "C124H225N61O28S2", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/176453931" }, "sequenceLength": null, "primaryTarget": { "value": "CXXC5-Dishevelled (Dvl) protein-protein interaction (binds the PDZ domain of Dvl), releasing negative feedback on the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28595998/" }, "mechanismClass": { "value": "Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activator; cell-penetrating competitor peptide that disrupts the CXXC5-Dishevelled interaction (CXXC5 inhibitor peptide)", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28595998/" }, "halfLife": null, "route": { "value": "Topical application to skin/scalp (primary, preclinical); subcutaneous/intradermal injection investigational", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28595998/" }, "regulatoryStatus": { "value": "Not FDA approved for any indication; preclinical/research-use-only. No published human clinical trials as of 2026 (evidence limited to mouse models and human cell cultures).", "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28595998/" }, "casNumber": { "value": "1609454-11-6", "source": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/176453931" } }, "identifiers": { "casNumber": "1609454-11-6", "pubchemCid": "176453931", "drugbank": null, "wikidata": null, "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTD-DBM", "clinicalTrials": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=PTD-DBM" } } ] }